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Vaginitis is an inflammatory condition of the vaginal mucosa, most commonly occurring in women of reproductive age. This is the most common gynecological condition, primarily recognized by increased vaginal discharge, often accompanied by foul odor and genital itching. The main causes of vaginitis include the overgrowth of fungi, viruses, and bacteria, which disrupt the vaginal pH balance and lead to persistent infection.

Common symptoms of vaginitis include itching, increased vaginal discharge, unpleasant odor in the genital area, decreased libido, or pain during sexual intercourse.

6 warning signs of vaginitis that are easy to recognize

Vaginitis is relatively common and presents with symptoms that are fairly easy to recognize. Six typical signs of vaginitis include:

A sensation of itching or stinging in the vaginal area

Most women with vaginitis experience itching caused by bacterial irritation of the sensitive vaginal tissue. This vaginal itching occurs due to abnormal increases or decreases in vaginal secretions, creating favorable conditions for bacterial invasion and spread.

A tingling itch, often described as the sensation of ants crawling, occurring in episodes or at specific times, is the most commonly reported condition. Many women notice increased itching at night, with symptoms easing during the day.

Schedule a gynecology appointment with our experienced and highly qualified physicians via hotline 0916.690.018 or through the form below.

Abnormal vaginal discharge

Foul-smelling or discolored vaginal discharge is one of the most common signs of vaginitis. The characteristics of the discharge may vary depending on the underlying cause of the infection.

• Yellowish discharge, sometimes turning green, with a fishy odor and frothy appearance: vaginitis caused by Trichomonas.
• Thick, white, curd-like discharge with a slightly sour smell: vaginitis caused by Candida fungus.
•  Grayish-white discharge with a strong fishy odor: vaginitis caused by Gardnerella vaginalis. 

Pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse

Vaginitis damages the vaginal mucosa, leading to pain during sexual intercourse. In addition, prolonged infection often disrupts vaginal secretions, which is a major cause of vaginal dryness during intercourse.

In many women, the inflammation may spread, leading to postcoital bleeding. Furthermore, concerns about unpleasant odor in the genital area often cause avoidance of sexual activity, resulting in decreased libido.

Persistent lower abdominal pain or lower back pain

Lower abdominal pain and lower back pain unrelated to the menstrual cycle may be among the symptoms of vaginitis.

Vaginitis occurs when bacteria invade and cause inflammation of the vagina and vulva. If left untreated, the infection may spread to other reproductive organs such as the fallopian tubes, uterine cavity, or oviducts. This progression can lead to chronic pelvic pain and persistent discomfort in the lower abdomen.

Severe abdominal pain during menstruation

Persistent abdominal pain throughout menstruation, especially when severe and accompanied by symptoms such as vaginal itching, foul-smelling menstrual blood, or abnormal menstrual blood color, may indicate vaginitis. In addition, vaginitis can disrupt the menstrual cycle due to the impact of infectious agents on hormonal regulation.

However, it is important to note that severe menstrual cramps may also result from various other conditions such as menstrual disorders, ovarian inflammation, uterine fibroids, and more. If you experience these symptoms, it is advisable to consult a physician for an accurate examination and diagnosis.

Abnormal vaginal bleeding

Abnormal vaginal bleeding may be one of the signs of vaginitis. This condition occurs when bacterial or fungal infection damages the vaginal mucosa, making it more susceptible to bleeding.

Women may notice spotting, often occurring after sexual intercourse or even without any apparent cause. This may also be a sign of other gynecological conditions...

Reader may also be interested in: 

• Uterine fibroids: Symptoms, complications, and treatment options
• Ovarian cysts: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

What causes vaginitis?

Vaginitis is most commonly caused by bacterial or fungal infections affecting the vaginal area. Below are the five primary causes of vaginitis:

Vaginitis caused by Candida infection

Candida is a fungus that normally resides on the skin and within the human gastrointestinal tract. When the vaginal pH balance is disrupted or the immune system becomes weakened, this fungus can overgrow and lead to vaginal infection.

Overuse of antibiotics can eliminate beneficial bacteria in the vagina, disrupting the natural microbial balance and allowing yeast to overgrow. In addition, Candida vaginitis is more commonly seen in women who frequently wear tight clothing and in pregnant women.

The typical signs of Candida vaginitis include thick, white, curd-like discharge with a sour or musty odor, often accompanied by itching. Although the condition can be treated effectively, it carries a high risk of recurrence.

Bacterial vaginosis

Bacteria such as E. coli, Trichomonas, and Streptococcus are also common causes of vaginitis. These pathogens disrupt the natural vaginal environment, leading to inflammation and symptoms such as pain, itching, and abnormal discharge that may appear grayish-green and frothy.

The excessive growth of bacteria causes vaginal discharge to become thin, with a strong fishy odor that is more noticeable during sexual intercourse. Bacterial vaginitis is commonly seen in women who are sexually active on a regular basis.

Vaginitis caused by sexually transmitted infections

Sexually transmitted infections that increase the risk of vaginitis include:

• Chlamydia: A common sexually transmitted infection in both men and women. In women, it may cause vaginitis with symptoms such as yellowish vaginal discharge, painful urination, itching, and burning sensation in the vaginal area.
• Gonorrhea: This infection may lead to vaginitis as a complication, presenting with symptoms such as greenish, frothy discharge with a foul odor, abnormal secretions, and pain during sexual intercourse.
• Genital herpes can cause vaginal inflammation and blistering. Women may experience a burning sensation in the genital area along with abnormal vaginal discharge.
• Genital warts: This condition causes redness, swelling, itching, and discomfort in the genital area, creating favorable conditions for HPV to spread into the vagina and trigger inflammation.

Vaginitis caused by inappropriate use of intimate hygiene products

Using inappropriate intimate hygiene products with strong antiseptic properties can disrupt the vaginal pH balance, creating favorable conditions for fungal and bacterial overgrowth. In addition, douching without medical guidance or performing it incorrectly may push bacteria deeper into the reproductive tract, leading to widespread infection.

Moreover, wearing non-breathable underwear, using unhygienic tissues for intimate care, or improper use of menstrual products such as sanitary pads, tampons, or menstrual cups can also increase the risk of vaginitis.

Vaginitis caused by hormonal changes

Hormonal fluctuations in women at different stages of life can disrupt the balance of the vaginal microbiome. Therefore, women during ovulation, pregnancy, perimenopause, or those using hormonal contraceptives are more prone to developing vaginitis.

Menstrual cycle disorders may disrupt the balance of estrogen and progesterone in the body, altering the vaginal environment and leading to vaginitis.

The most effective ways to prevent vaginitis

According to obstetricians and gynecologists, vaginitis can be prevented by maintaining a healthy lifestyle and proper hygiene practices.

Prevent vaginitis through proper intimate hygiene practices

Improper intimate hygiene can promote the overgrowth of harmful bacteria. Excessive douching, use of strong antiseptic solutions, or washing with excessively hot water may disrupt the vaginal pH balance, thereby increasing the risk of infection.

Therefore, women are advised to maintain daily intimate hygiene using warm water and mild cleansers. During menstruation, as well as before and after sexual intercourse, thorough cleansing is especially important.

Note: Avoid using perfumes, talcum powder, or harsh cleansing products for intimate hygiene.

Maintain sexual activity at a moderate frequency

Frequent sexual activity, having multiple partners within a short period, or engaging in “strenuous” sexual positions may cause vaginal trauma and increase the risk of infection.

Therefore, physicians recommend practicing safe sex, avoiding aggressive intercourse, and maintaining a monogamous relationship.

Change underwear regularly

Bacteria thrive easily in a damp genital area. Therefore, in addition to daily hygiene, women should change and wash underwear regularly, and replace undergarments every six months.

It is advisable to avoid underwear made of lace, leather, or other non-breathable materials. Wearing overly tight undergarments may also cause irritation and genital itching.

Avoid the use of stimulants

Stimulants and alcoholic beverages may compromise the body’s immune function. Physicians advise women to avoid stimulants such as tobacco, alcohol, and caffeine, and to refrain from using addictive substances in order to protect gynecological health.

Schedule regular gynecological check-ups

Regular gynecological examinations not only help in the early detection of gynecological conditions but also provide women with valuable knowledge for preventing vaginitis. Doctors recommend that women undergo gynecological check-ups at least once every six months. For those with a history of gynecological disorders, adherence to follow-up visits as prescribed by their physician is essential.

Diagnosis of vaginitis

Vaginitis can be diagnosed through clinical evaluation and laboratory testing. The diagnostic process may include:

• Clinical examination: The physician will perform a physical inspection of the genital area to identify signs of vaginitis. This includes visual assessment of the vulva, vagina, perineum, and surrounding structures.
• Vaginal discharge testing: To accurately determine the cause of vaginitis, the physician typically collects a sample of vaginal discharge for microscopic examination or culture to identify fungal or bacterial pathogens.
• Blood tests: Physicians may order blood tests to evaluate clinical indicators, assess the degree of inflammation, and determine the patient’s overall health status.

In cases where the condition and underlying cause cannot be clearly identified, physicians may perform ultrasound and additional gynecological examinations to further assess the patient’s health status.

Individuals at higher risk of vaginitis

• Women in menopause and perimenopause
• Pregnant women
• Women using oral contraceptives or other birth control methods such as implants or intrauterine devices (IUDs)
• Individuals taking antibiotics, with weakened immune systems, or experiencing menstrual disorders
• Women with vaginal dryness
• Those engaging in unsafe sexual practices, which increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections
• Women who are overweight, obese, or have blood sugar–related disorders, are also more prone to vaginitis. 

How is vaginitis treated?

There are several approaches to treating vaginitis, depending on its cause and severity. The five main treatment methods include:

Use of antibiotics

Antibiotic therapy for vaginitis is prescribed when the condition is caused by bacterial infection. Depending on the specific type of bacteria or fungus involved, physicians will tailor the prescription with appropriate medications to effectively eliminate the causative pathogens.

Currently, some of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics include Metronidazole 500 mg (used to treat vaginitis caused by Trichomonas) and Itraconazole (used for Candida vaginitis).

However, women should not self-administer antibiotics without a physician’s prescription, as this may lead to drug resistance or the use of inappropriate medication, resulting in ineffective treatment.

Use of vaginal suppositories

Vaginal suppositories are a common method for treating vaginitis, as they act directly within the vagina to eliminate infectious agents. After examination, physicians will prescribe the appropriate type of suppository along with specific instructions regarding duration of use.

Depending on the patient’s condition, physicians will prescribe different types of suppositories and treatment durations. Typically, vaginal suppositories are used for 3 to 7 days. If symptoms do not improve after this period, patients should not continue self-treatment but must return for re-examination and seek further medical advice.

As with antibiotics, women should not use vaginal suppositories without medical supervision. It is essential to follow the physician’s instructions carefully—neither stopping the medication prematurely nor extending its use without guidance.

Use of probiotics

The overgrowth of harmful bacteria is a major cause of vaginitis. Therefore, supplementing with beneficial bacteria is considered a safe treatment approach. Probiotics are healthy microorganisms that help restore the balance of the vaginal microbiome and strengthen the body’s immunity. They can be taken through dietary sources or prescribed medications.

However, probiotics are mainly suitable for prevention or for managing mild cases of vaginitis. In more severe cases or when the infection has spread extensively, stronger medical interventions are required.

Lifestyle modifications

If vaginitis is linked to lifestyle factors, making appropriate lifestyle changes is essential. First, ensure a balanced and nutritious diet, and strengthen overall health through regular physical exercise. Discontinue the use of alcohol and stimulants, while incorporating fresh fruit and vegetable juices as part of a healthy routine.

In addition, paying attention to sleep habits is important. It is recommended to go to bed before 11 p.m. and wake up before 7 a.m. to help the body feel more refreshed and energized. In cases where vaginitis is related to antibiotic use, patients should consult their physician to consider alternative medications or explore ways to minimize the side effects of treatment on overall health.

Maintain proper personal hygiene

To ensure effective prevention and prompt treatment of vaginitis, maintaining proper personal hygiene is crucial. Changing underwear daily and using appropriate, gentle hygiene products are among the best measures.

In particular, special attention should be paid to intimate hygiene during menstruation, as well as before and after sexual intercourse.

Note: The information provided in this article by Hong Ngoc General Hospital is for reference only and is not a substitute for medical diagnosis or treatment. For an accurate assessment of their condition, patients should visit a reputable healthcare facility for direct examination and professional treatment advice.

Follow the fanpage of Hong Ngoc General Hospital for more useful health information.

Vaginitis is an inflammatory condition of the vaginal mucosa, most commonly occurring in women of reproductive age. This is the most common gynecological condition, primarily recognized by increased vaginal discharge, often accompanied by foul odor and genital itching. The main causes of vaginitis include the overgrowth of fungi, viruses, and bacteria, which disrupt the vaginal pH balance and lead to persistent infection.

Common symptoms of vaginitis include itching, increased vaginal discharge, unpleasant odor in the genital area, decreased libido, or pain during sexual intercourse.

6 warning signs of vaginitis that are easy to recognize

Vaginitis is relatively common and presents with symptoms that are fairly easy to recognize. Six typical signs of vaginitis include:

A sensation of itching or stinging in the vaginal area

Most women with vaginitis experience itching caused by bacterial irritation of the sensitive vaginal tissue. This vaginal itching occurs due to abnormal increases or decreases in vaginal secretions, creating favorable conditions for bacterial invasion and spread.

A tingling itch, often described as the sensation of ants crawling, occurring in episodes or at specific times, is the most commonly reported condition. Many women notice increased itching at night, with symptoms easing during the day.

Schedule a gynecology appointment with our experienced and highly qualified physicians via hotline 0916.690.018 or through the form below.

Abnormal vaginal discharge

Foul-smelling or discolored vaginal discharge is one of the most common signs of vaginitis. The characteristics of the discharge may vary depending on the underlying cause of the infection.

• Yellowish discharge, sometimes turning green, with a fishy odor and frothy appearance: vaginitis caused by Trichomonas.
• Thick, white, curd-like discharge with a slightly sour smell: vaginitis caused by Candida fungus.
•  Grayish-white discharge with a strong fishy odor: vaginitis caused by Gardnerella vaginalis. 

Pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse

Vaginitis damages the vaginal mucosa, leading to pain during sexual intercourse. In addition, prolonged infection often disrupts vaginal secretions, which is a major cause of vaginal dryness during intercourse.

In many women, the inflammation may spread, leading to postcoital bleeding. Furthermore, concerns about unpleasant odor in the genital area often cause avoidance of sexual activity, resulting in decreased libido.

Persistent lower abdominal pain or lower back pain

Lower abdominal pain and lower back pain unrelated to the menstrual cycle may be among the symptoms of vaginitis.

Vaginitis occurs when bacteria invade and cause inflammation of the vagina and vulva. If left untreated, the infection may spread to other reproductive organs such as the fallopian tubes, uterine cavity, or oviducts. This progression can lead to chronic pelvic pain and persistent discomfort in the lower abdomen.

Severe abdominal pain during menstruation

Persistent abdominal pain throughout menstruation, especially when severe and accompanied by symptoms such as vaginal itching, foul-smelling menstrual blood, or abnormal menstrual blood color, may indicate vaginitis. In addition, vaginitis can disrupt the menstrual cycle due to the impact of infectious agents on hormonal regulation.

However, it is important to note that severe menstrual cramps may also result from various other conditions such as menstrual disorders, ovarian inflammation, uterine fibroids, and more. If you experience these symptoms, it is advisable to consult a physician for an accurate examination and diagnosis.

Abnormal vaginal bleeding

Abnormal vaginal bleeding may be one of the signs of vaginitis. This condition occurs when bacterial or fungal infection damages the vaginal mucosa, making it more susceptible to bleeding.

Women may notice spotting, often occurring after sexual intercourse or even without any apparent cause. This may also be a sign of other gynecological conditions...

Reader may also be interested in: 

• Uterine fibroids: Symptoms, complications, and treatment options
• Ovarian cysts: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

What causes vaginitis?

Vaginitis is most commonly caused by bacterial or fungal infections affecting the vaginal area. Below are the five primary causes of vaginitis:

Vaginitis caused by Candida infection

Candida is a fungus that normally resides on the skin and within the human gastrointestinal tract. When the vaginal pH balance is disrupted or the immune system becomes weakened, this fungus can overgrow and lead to vaginal infection.

Overuse of antibiotics can eliminate beneficial bacteria in the vagina, disrupting the natural microbial balance and allowing yeast to overgrow. In addition, Candida vaginitis is more commonly seen in women who frequently wear tight clothing and in pregnant women.

The typical signs of Candida vaginitis include thick, white, curd-like discharge with a sour or musty odor, often accompanied by itching. Although the condition can be treated effectively, it carries a high risk of recurrence.

Bacterial vaginosis

Bacteria such as E. coli, Trichomonas, and Streptococcus are also common causes of vaginitis. These pathogens disrupt the natural vaginal environment, leading to inflammation and symptoms such as pain, itching, and abnormal discharge that may appear grayish-green and frothy.

The excessive growth of bacteria causes vaginal discharge to become thin, with a strong fishy odor that is more noticeable during sexual intercourse. Bacterial vaginitis is commonly seen in women who are sexually active on a regular basis.

Vaginitis caused by sexually transmitted infections

Sexually transmitted infections that increase the risk of vaginitis include:

• Chlamydia: A common sexually transmitted infection in both men and women. In women, it may cause vaginitis with symptoms such as yellowish vaginal discharge, painful urination, itching, and burning sensation in the vaginal area.
• Gonorrhea: This infection may lead to vaginitis as a complication, presenting with symptoms such as greenish, frothy discharge with a foul odor, abnormal secretions, and pain during sexual intercourse.
• Genital herpes can cause vaginal inflammation and blistering. Women may experience a burning sensation in the genital area along with abnormal vaginal discharge.
• Genital warts: This condition causes redness, swelling, itching, and discomfort in the genital area, creating favorable conditions for HPV to spread into the vagina and trigger inflammation.

Vaginitis caused by inappropriate use of intimate hygiene products

Using inappropriate intimate hygiene products with strong antiseptic properties can disrupt the vaginal pH balance, creating favorable conditions for fungal and bacterial overgrowth. In addition, douching without medical guidance or performing it incorrectly may push bacteria deeper into the reproductive tract, leading to widespread infection.

Moreover, wearing non-breathable underwear, using unhygienic tissues for intimate care, or improper use of menstrual products such as sanitary pads, tampons, or menstrual cups can also increase the risk of vaginitis.

Vaginitis caused by hormonal changes

Hormonal fluctuations in women at different stages of life can disrupt the balance of the vaginal microbiome. Therefore, women during ovulation, pregnancy, perimenopause, or those using hormonal contraceptives are more prone to developing vaginitis.

Menstrual cycle disorders may disrupt the balance of estrogen and progesterone in the body, altering the vaginal environment and leading to vaginitis.

The most effective ways to prevent vaginitis

According to obstetricians and gynecologists, vaginitis can be prevented by maintaining a healthy lifestyle and proper hygiene practices.

Prevent vaginitis through proper intimate hygiene practices

Improper intimate hygiene can promote the overgrowth of harmful bacteria. Excessive douching, use of strong antiseptic solutions, or washing with excessively hot water may disrupt the vaginal pH balance, thereby increasing the risk of infection.

Therefore, women are advised to maintain daily intimate hygiene using warm water and mild cleansers. During menstruation, as well as before and after sexual intercourse, thorough cleansing is especially important.

Note: Avoid using perfumes, talcum powder, or harsh cleansing products for intimate hygiene.

Maintain sexual activity at a moderate frequency

Frequent sexual activity, having multiple partners within a short period, or engaging in “strenuous” sexual positions may cause vaginal trauma and increase the risk of infection.

Therefore, physicians recommend practicing safe sex, avoiding aggressive intercourse, and maintaining a monogamous relationship.

Change underwear regularly

Bacteria thrive easily in a damp genital area. Therefore, in addition to daily hygiene, women should change and wash underwear regularly, and replace undergarments every six months.

It is advisable to avoid underwear made of lace, leather, or other non-breathable materials. Wearing overly tight undergarments may also cause irritation and genital itching.

Avoid the use of stimulants

Stimulants and alcoholic beverages may compromise the body’s immune function. Physicians advise women to avoid stimulants such as tobacco, alcohol, and caffeine, and to refrain from using addictive substances in order to protect gynecological health.

Schedule regular gynecological check-ups

Regular gynecological examinations not only help in the early detection of gynecological conditions but also provide women with valuable knowledge for preventing vaginitis. Doctors recommend that women undergo gynecological check-ups at least once every six months. For those with a history of gynecological disorders, adherence to follow-up visits as prescribed by their physician is essential.

Diagnosis of vaginitis

Vaginitis can be diagnosed through clinical evaluation and laboratory testing. The diagnostic process may include:

• Clinical examination: The physician will perform a physical inspection of the genital area to identify signs of vaginitis. This includes visual assessment of the vulva, vagina, perineum, and surrounding structures.
• Vaginal discharge testing: To accurately determine the cause of vaginitis, the physician typically collects a sample of vaginal discharge for microscopic examination or culture to identify fungal or bacterial pathogens.
• Blood tests: Physicians may order blood tests to evaluate clinical indicators, assess the degree of inflammation, and determine the patient’s overall health status.

In cases where the condition and underlying cause cannot be clearly identified, physicians may perform ultrasound and additional gynecological examinations to further assess the patient’s health status.

Individuals at higher risk of vaginitis

• Women in menopause and perimenopause
• Pregnant women
• Women using oral contraceptives or other birth control methods such as implants or intrauterine devices (IUDs)
• Individuals taking antibiotics, with weakened immune systems, or experiencing menstrual disorders
• Women with vaginal dryness
• Those engaging in unsafe sexual practices, which increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections
• Women who are overweight, obese, or have blood sugar–related disorders, are also more prone to vaginitis. 

How is vaginitis treated?

There are several approaches to treating vaginitis, depending on its cause and severity. The five main treatment methods include:

Use of antibiotics

Antibiotic therapy for vaginitis is prescribed when the condition is caused by bacterial infection. Depending on the specific type of bacteria or fungus involved, physicians will tailor the prescription with appropriate medications to effectively eliminate the causative pathogens.

Currently, some of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics include Metronidazole 500 mg (used to treat vaginitis caused by Trichomonas) and Itraconazole (used for Candida vaginitis).

However, women should not self-administer antibiotics without a physician’s prescription, as this may lead to drug resistance or the use of inappropriate medication, resulting in ineffective treatment.

Use of vaginal suppositories

Vaginal suppositories are a common method for treating vaginitis, as they act directly within the vagina to eliminate infectious agents. After examination, physicians will prescribe the appropriate type of suppository along with specific instructions regarding duration of use.

Depending on the patient’s condition, physicians will prescribe different types of suppositories and treatment durations. Typically, vaginal suppositories are used for 3 to 7 days. If symptoms do not improve after this period, patients should not continue self-treatment but must return for re-examination and seek further medical advice.

As with antibiotics, women should not use vaginal suppositories without medical supervision. It is essential to follow the physician’s instructions carefully—neither stopping the medication prematurely nor extending its use without guidance.

Use of probiotics

The overgrowth of harmful bacteria is a major cause of vaginitis. Therefore, supplementing with beneficial bacteria is considered a safe treatment approach. Probiotics are healthy microorganisms that help restore the balance of the vaginal microbiome and strengthen the body’s immunity. They can be taken through dietary sources or prescribed medications.

However, probiotics are mainly suitable for prevention or for managing mild cases of vaginitis. In more severe cases or when the infection has spread extensively, stronger medical interventions are required.

Lifestyle modifications

If vaginitis is linked to lifestyle factors, making appropriate lifestyle changes is essential. First, ensure a balanced and nutritious diet, and strengthen overall health through regular physical exercise. Discontinue the use of alcohol and stimulants, while incorporating fresh fruit and vegetable juices as part of a healthy routine.

In addition, paying attention to sleep habits is important. It is recommended to go to bed before 11 p.m. and wake up before 7 a.m. to help the body feel more refreshed and energized. In cases where vaginitis is related to antibiotic use, patients should consult their physician to consider alternative medications or explore ways to minimize the side effects of treatment on overall health.

Maintain proper personal hygiene

To ensure effective prevention and prompt treatment of vaginitis, maintaining proper personal hygiene is crucial. Changing underwear daily and using appropriate, gentle hygiene products are among the best measures.

In particular, special attention should be paid to intimate hygiene during menstruation, as well as before and after sexual intercourse.

Note: The information provided in this article by Hong Ngoc General Hospital is for reference only and is not a substitute for medical diagnosis or treatment. For an accurate assessment of their condition, patients should visit a reputable healthcare facility for direct examination and professional treatment advice.

Follow the fanpage of Hong Ngoc General Hospital for more useful health information.