Ovarian cysts are a common condition in women of reproductive age. Some types of ovarian cysts are completely harmless and may gradually resolve on their own. However, large ovarian cysts can negatively affect fertility and may lead to infertility if left untreated.
What are ovarian cysts?
Ovarian cysts are masses that develop in the ovary, typically with an outer capsule and filled with fluid inside. Most ovarian cysts are benign, non-threatening, and do not affect overall health or daily activities. In many cases, they may resolve spontaneously without the need for treatment.
Ovarian cysts may occur in one or both ovaries. Large cysts that occupy most of the abdominal cavity can cause menstrual irregularities, severe lower abdominal pain, and even compression of adjacent organs.
Classification of ovarian cysts
Images of ovarian cysts
Clinically, ovarian cysts can be divided into two types: functional cysts and pathological cysts.
Functional ovarian cysts: formed from physiological follicles that fail to rupture, typically measuring about 3–8 cm. These cysts are usually filled with fluid, though in some cases the contents may appear as a caseous-like material.
Pathological ovarian cysts: include epithelial cysts and dermoid cysts. Dermoid cysts may contain tissues such as bone, hair, cartilage, or teeth. Pathological cysts can continue to grow, occupy most of the abdominal cavity, and cause significant pain and discomfort for the patient.
Based on cellular characteristics, ovarian cysts can be classified as benign or malignant:
Benign ovarian cysts: show minimal cellular proliferation, typically contain clear fluid, and do not harbor malignant cells.
Malignant ovarian cysts: exhibit rapid proliferation, may contain dark bloody fluid, and cause severe pain. Malignant cells can invade adjacent organs, leading to multi-organ cancer spread.
Surgery is the primary and most effective method to remove large ovarian cysts. For consultation and surgical registration with leading gynecologic specialists, please contact the hotline 0886.621.046 or fill out the form below.
Causes of ovarian cysts
The exact cause of ovarian cyst formation has not been clearly identified; however, research suggests that ovarian cysts often develop due to factors such as hormonal imbalance, thyroid dysfunction, and genetic predisposition.
Hormonal imbalance: Disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or endometriosis can increase the risk of ovarian cysts. Some studies also indicate that a sudden rise in pituitary hormones may contribute to cyst formation.
Thyroid dysfunction: The thyroid gland regulates female reproductive hormones. Conditions such as hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism may cause hormonal disturbances, leading to symptoms like painful menstruation, heavy bleeding, early menopause, and even enlargement of ovarian cysts.
Genetic factors: Women with a family history of ovarian cysts (mother, sister, or daughter) have up to three times higher risk of developing the condition.
In addition to the above factors, scientists have identified several favorable conditions that may contribute to the development of ovarian cysts. These include higher socioeconomic status, delayed childbearing, and having fewer pregnancies, all of which can disrupt steroid production, the primary factor leading to ovarian cysts in adults. Furthermore, women with a history of breast tumors are reported to have a fourfold higher risk of developing ovarian cysts.
Typical symptoms of ovarian cysts
Abdominal pain is a symptom of ovarian cysts, but it is often easily mistaken for menstrual cramps.
According to statistics, in Vietnam, approximately 3.6‰ of women have ovarian tumors, most of which are small, asymptomatic, and self-resolving. Small ovarian cysts are often detected incidentally during gynecological examinations or routine health check-ups.
Larger cysts, however, may impact health and daily activities. Common symptoms of ovarian cysts include:
Abdominal distension, with a palpable, mobile mass
Pain in the lower abdomen, pelvis, or lower back due to compression of surrounding structures
Menstrual disorders, most commonly menorrhagia or amenorrhea
Indigestion or loss of appetite
Pain during sexual intercourse
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Note: Warning signs of malignant ovarian cysts include rapid tumor growth, increasing abdominal distension, unexplained weight loss, and persistent pain. Women experiencing any of these suspicious symptoms should promptly seek evaluation at a reputable healthcare facility.
Complications of ovarian cysts
Ovarian cysts often progress silently with few warning signs. In many cases, patients are only diagnosed when the cyst has reached a size comparable to a 5–6 month pregnancy. Although most ovarian cysts are benign, their growth can lead to serious complications, including:
Ovarian torsion (torsion of the cyst pedicle): Cysts with long, flexible pedicles are at risk of twisting, especially during sudden or vigorous movements. Torsion restricts or cuts off blood supply to the ovary, leading to necrosis of the ovarian tissue. Clinically, torsion presents with acute lower abdominal pain, often localized to one side. In some cases, patients may experience fainting or shock. This is a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention.
Ovarian cyst torsion is a dangerous condition that poses a serious threat to women’s health.
Cyst rupture: Increased pressure inside a large ovarian cyst may cause rupture. This typically presents with sudden, severe lower abdominal pain and internal bleeding. On examination, ruptured cysts are often difficult to localize, may adhere to surrounding tissues, and are tender on palpation. Rupture can result in intra-abdominal hemorrhage or widespread infection, both of which are life-threatening. In the case of malignant cyst rupture, cancer cells may disseminate.
Compression of adjacent organs: Large cysts may exert pressure on the bladder and colon, leading to urinary and digestive disturbances. In many cases, ovarian cysts also disrupt hormonal balance, affecting ovulation and causing menstrual disorders such as amenorrhea or menorrhagia.
Increased risk of miscarriage and preterm birth: Women with ovarian cysts often wonder if pregnancy is still possible. According to specialists, pregnancy is feasible if the cyst is treated promptly. Small cysts usually do not affect fertility or childbirth. However, large cysts can interfere with implantation, increase the risk of early miscarriage, and, if untreated, may contribute to preterm birth or obstructed labor.
Malignant transformation: Although most ovarian cysts are benign, without timely management there remains a risk albeit low of malignant transformation. When this occurs, the disease poses a serious threat to both health and life.
How are ovarian cysts diagnosed?
Diagnosis of ovarian cysts is based on two approaches: clinical evaluation and paraclinical investigations.
Clinical diagnosis
Before ordering imaging or laboratory tests, physicians will review the patient’s symptoms and medical history. Some key clinical findings that may suggest ovarian cysts include:
Frequent menstrual cycle disturbances
Persistent pelvic pain or discomfort
Palpable, mobile mass in the lower abdomen
Urinary symptoms such as difficulty or painful urination
Pain and bleeding during sexual intercourse
Paraclinical diagnosis
Ultrasound is the most common method for detecting the location and size of ovarian cysts.
To accurately determine the location and size of an ovarian cyst, physicians may perform specialized examinations such as ultrasound, laboratory tests, or MRI imaging.
Ultrasound: The most common diagnostic method for ovarian cysts. Abdominal and pelvic ultrasound allows detailed visualization of the ovaries and helps assess the size, shape, and characteristics of the cyst.
CT scan and MRI: These imaging techniques provide detailed cross-sectional views, helping to better evaluate the structure and nature of the cyst.
Diagnostic laparoscopy: When necessary, a minimally invasive procedure may be performed by inserting a small instrument through the abdomen to directly observe the ovaries and assess the cyst.
Biopsy: In cases where malignancy is suspected, a tissue sample may be taken from the cyst for microscopic examination.
Management of ovarian cysts depends on several factors, including the size and type of cyst, the patient’s age and overall health status, and the severity of clinical manifestations as assessed by the physician.
Observation and regular follow-up
For benign, small cysts located in non-critical areas, physicians may recommend lifestyle adjustments, avoidance of harmful foods, and regular monitoring. Asymptomatic cysts are often managed conservatively with scheduled follow-up visits to track changes in size or appearance.
Medical treatment
Small functional cysts (usually less than 5 cm) may be treated with medication to slow or prevent growth. Patients are typically advised to return for follow-up examinations as scheduled to ensure timely intervention if the cyst enlarges. For malignant ovarian cysts, systemic therapy such as chemotherapy may be prescribed to eliminate cancer cells. In such cases, drug therapy is usually initiated after surgical removal of the cyst.
Surgery
Surgery is one of the treatment methods for ovarian cysts.
Surgery is typically indicated for large ovarian cysts that cause severe symptoms. It is also recommended in cases where the cyst compresses surrounding organs or affects fertility. The type of gynecologic surgery may include:
Laparoscopic surgery: Small instruments are inserted through tiny incisions in the abdomen to remove the cyst. This is often the preferred method because it causes less tissue damage and allows faster recovery.
Open surgery (laparotomy): Performed when the cyst is too large or complex to be removed laparoscopically.
Depending on the size and condition of the cyst, as well as the patient’s reproductive wishes, physicians will determine whether to preserve the ovary. In malignant cases, removal of the uterus may also be required.
Can ovarian cysts be prevented?
Because the exact cause of ovarian cysts remains unclear, complete prevention is difficult. However, women can take certain measures to reduce their risk and maintain overall reproductive health, including:
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle: Follow a balanced diet rich in fiber, and limit sugar and unhealthy fats. Regular exercise and maintaining an ideal body weight may also help lower the risk of developing cysts.
Regular health check-ups: Undergo routine medical examinations and transvaginal ultrasounds to monitor ovarian health and detect early signs of cyst formation.
Hormone management: If you have hormonal disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), seek medical advice and appropriate treatment. Proper hormone control may help prevent complications related to ovarian cysts.
Avoid harmful substances: Reduce consumption of sugary foods and strictly avoid stimulants such as alcohol, tobacco, and other harmful substances.
Where to treat ovarian cysts?
Ovarian cysts should be treated at reputable medical facilities with a team of highly qualified specialists. Currently, the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Hong Ngoc General Hospital is a trusted address chosen by many women for the management and treatment of ovarian cysts.
With more than 20 years of experience in healthcare, the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Hong Ngoc General Hospital ensures high standards of medical quality and patient care during consultations and gynecologic procedures.
Patients undergoing examination and gynecologic surgery at Hong Ngoc General Hospital are directly attended to by experienced physicians, many of whom have worked at leading national hospitals. In addition, advanced surgical equipment and modern medical technology help ensure precise results.
After surgery, patients receive attentive, around-the-clock postoperative care. This not only provides reassurance regarding wound recovery but also creates a comfortable environment for patients to openly share sensitive health concerns with specialized doctors.
The information provided in this article by Hong Ngoc General Hospital is for reference only and is not a substitute for medical diagnosis or treatment.
Follow the official fanpage of Hong Ngoc General Hospital for more useful health information:
Ovarian cysts are a common condition in women of reproductive age. Some types of ovarian cysts are completely harmless and may gradually resolve on their own. However, large ovarian cysts can negatively affect fertility and may lead to infertility if left untreated.
What are ovarian cysts?
Ovarian cysts are masses that develop in the ovary, typically with an outer capsule and filled with fluid inside. Most ovarian cysts are benign, non-threatening, and do not affect overall health or daily activities. In many cases, they may resolve spontaneously without the need for treatment.
Ovarian cysts may occur in one or both ovaries. Large cysts that occupy most of the abdominal cavity can cause menstrual irregularities, severe lower abdominal pain, and even compression of adjacent organs.
Classification of ovarian cysts
Images of ovarian cysts
Clinically, ovarian cysts can be divided into two types: functional cysts and pathological cysts.
Functional ovarian cysts: formed from physiological follicles that fail to rupture, typically measuring about 3–8 cm. These cysts are usually filled with fluid, though in some cases the contents may appear as a caseous-like material.
Pathological ovarian cysts: include epithelial cysts and dermoid cysts. Dermoid cysts may contain tissues such as bone, hair, cartilage, or teeth. Pathological cysts can continue to grow, occupy most of the abdominal cavity, and cause significant pain and discomfort for the patient.
Based on cellular characteristics, ovarian cysts can be classified as benign or malignant:
Benign ovarian cysts: show minimal cellular proliferation, typically contain clear fluid, and do not harbor malignant cells.
Malignant ovarian cysts: exhibit rapid proliferation, may contain dark bloody fluid, and cause severe pain. Malignant cells can invade adjacent organs, leading to multi-organ cancer spread.
Surgery is the primary and most effective method to remove large ovarian cysts. For consultation and surgical registration with leading gynecologic specialists, please contact the hotline 0886.621.046 or fill out the form below.
Causes of ovarian cysts
The exact cause of ovarian cyst formation has not been clearly identified; however, research suggests that ovarian cysts often develop due to factors such as hormonal imbalance, thyroid dysfunction, and genetic predisposition.
Hormonal imbalance: Disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or endometriosis can increase the risk of ovarian cysts. Some studies also indicate that a sudden rise in pituitary hormones may contribute to cyst formation.
Thyroid dysfunction: The thyroid gland regulates female reproductive hormones. Conditions such as hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism may cause hormonal disturbances, leading to symptoms like painful menstruation, heavy bleeding, early menopause, and even enlargement of ovarian cysts.
Genetic factors: Women with a family history of ovarian cysts (mother, sister, or daughter) have up to three times higher risk of developing the condition.
In addition to the above factors, scientists have identified several favorable conditions that may contribute to the development of ovarian cysts. These include higher socioeconomic status, delayed childbearing, and having fewer pregnancies, all of which can disrupt steroid production, the primary factor leading to ovarian cysts in adults. Furthermore, women with a history of breast tumors are reported to have a fourfold higher risk of developing ovarian cysts.
Typical symptoms of ovarian cysts
Abdominal pain is a symptom of ovarian cysts, but it is often easily mistaken for menstrual cramps.
According to statistics, in Vietnam, approximately 3.6‰ of women have ovarian tumors, most of which are small, asymptomatic, and self-resolving. Small ovarian cysts are often detected incidentally during gynecological examinations or routine health check-ups.
Larger cysts, however, may impact health and daily activities. Common symptoms of ovarian cysts include:
Abdominal distension, with a palpable, mobile mass
Pain in the lower abdomen, pelvis, or lower back due to compression of surrounding structures
Menstrual disorders, most commonly menorrhagia or amenorrhea
Indigestion or loss of appetite
Pain during sexual intercourse
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Note: Warning signs of malignant ovarian cysts include rapid tumor growth, increasing abdominal distension, unexplained weight loss, and persistent pain. Women experiencing any of these suspicious symptoms should promptly seek evaluation at a reputable healthcare facility.
Complications of ovarian cysts
Ovarian cysts often progress silently with few warning signs. In many cases, patients are only diagnosed when the cyst has reached a size comparable to a 5–6 month pregnancy. Although most ovarian cysts are benign, their growth can lead to serious complications, including:
Ovarian torsion (torsion of the cyst pedicle): Cysts with long, flexible pedicles are at risk of twisting, especially during sudden or vigorous movements. Torsion restricts or cuts off blood supply to the ovary, leading to necrosis of the ovarian tissue. Clinically, torsion presents with acute lower abdominal pain, often localized to one side. In some cases, patients may experience fainting or shock. This is a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention.
Ovarian cyst torsion is a dangerous condition that poses a serious threat to women’s health.
Cyst rupture: Increased pressure inside a large ovarian cyst may cause rupture. This typically presents with sudden, severe lower abdominal pain and internal bleeding. On examination, ruptured cysts are often difficult to localize, may adhere to surrounding tissues, and are tender on palpation. Rupture can result in intra-abdominal hemorrhage or widespread infection, both of which are life-threatening. In the case of malignant cyst rupture, cancer cells may disseminate.
Compression of adjacent organs: Large cysts may exert pressure on the bladder and colon, leading to urinary and digestive disturbances. In many cases, ovarian cysts also disrupt hormonal balance, affecting ovulation and causing menstrual disorders such as amenorrhea or menorrhagia.
Increased risk of miscarriage and preterm birth: Women with ovarian cysts often wonder if pregnancy is still possible. According to specialists, pregnancy is feasible if the cyst is treated promptly. Small cysts usually do not affect fertility or childbirth. However, large cysts can interfere with implantation, increase the risk of early miscarriage, and, if untreated, may contribute to preterm birth or obstructed labor.
Malignant transformation: Although most ovarian cysts are benign, without timely management there remains a risk albeit low of malignant transformation. When this occurs, the disease poses a serious threat to both health and life.
How are ovarian cysts diagnosed?
Diagnosis of ovarian cysts is based on two approaches: clinical evaluation and paraclinical investigations.
Clinical diagnosis
Before ordering imaging or laboratory tests, physicians will review the patient’s symptoms and medical history. Some key clinical findings that may suggest ovarian cysts include:
Frequent menstrual cycle disturbances
Persistent pelvic pain or discomfort
Palpable, mobile mass in the lower abdomen
Urinary symptoms such as difficulty or painful urination
Pain and bleeding during sexual intercourse
Paraclinical diagnosis
Ultrasound is the most common method for detecting the location and size of ovarian cysts.
To accurately determine the location and size of an ovarian cyst, physicians may perform specialized examinations such as ultrasound, laboratory tests, or MRI imaging.
Ultrasound: The most common diagnostic method for ovarian cysts. Abdominal and pelvic ultrasound allows detailed visualization of the ovaries and helps assess the size, shape, and characteristics of the cyst.
CT scan and MRI: These imaging techniques provide detailed cross-sectional views, helping to better evaluate the structure and nature of the cyst.
Diagnostic laparoscopy: When necessary, a minimally invasive procedure may be performed by inserting a small instrument through the abdomen to directly observe the ovaries and assess the cyst.
Biopsy: In cases where malignancy is suspected, a tissue sample may be taken from the cyst for microscopic examination.
Management of ovarian cysts depends on several factors, including the size and type of cyst, the patient’s age and overall health status, and the severity of clinical manifestations as assessed by the physician.
Observation and regular follow-up
For benign, small cysts located in non-critical areas, physicians may recommend lifestyle adjustments, avoidance of harmful foods, and regular monitoring. Asymptomatic cysts are often managed conservatively with scheduled follow-up visits to track changes in size or appearance.
Medical treatment
Small functional cysts (usually less than 5 cm) may be treated with medication to slow or prevent growth. Patients are typically advised to return for follow-up examinations as scheduled to ensure timely intervention if the cyst enlarges. For malignant ovarian cysts, systemic therapy such as chemotherapy may be prescribed to eliminate cancer cells. In such cases, drug therapy is usually initiated after surgical removal of the cyst.
Surgery
Surgery is one of the treatment methods for ovarian cysts.
Surgery is typically indicated for large ovarian cysts that cause severe symptoms. It is also recommended in cases where the cyst compresses surrounding organs or affects fertility. The type of gynecologic surgery may include:
Laparoscopic surgery: Small instruments are inserted through tiny incisions in the abdomen to remove the cyst. This is often the preferred method because it causes less tissue damage and allows faster recovery.
Open surgery (laparotomy): Performed when the cyst is too large or complex to be removed laparoscopically.
Depending on the size and condition of the cyst, as well as the patient’s reproductive wishes, physicians will determine whether to preserve the ovary. In malignant cases, removal of the uterus may also be required.
Can ovarian cysts be prevented?
Because the exact cause of ovarian cysts remains unclear, complete prevention is difficult. However, women can take certain measures to reduce their risk and maintain overall reproductive health, including:
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle: Follow a balanced diet rich in fiber, and limit sugar and unhealthy fats. Regular exercise and maintaining an ideal body weight may also help lower the risk of developing cysts.
Regular health check-ups: Undergo routine medical examinations and transvaginal ultrasounds to monitor ovarian health and detect early signs of cyst formation.
Hormone management: If you have hormonal disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), seek medical advice and appropriate treatment. Proper hormone control may help prevent complications related to ovarian cysts.
Avoid harmful substances: Reduce consumption of sugary foods and strictly avoid stimulants such as alcohol, tobacco, and other harmful substances.
Where to treat ovarian cysts?
Ovarian cysts should be treated at reputable medical facilities with a team of highly qualified specialists. Currently, the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Hong Ngoc General Hospital is a trusted address chosen by many women for the management and treatment of ovarian cysts.
With more than 20 years of experience in healthcare, the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Hong Ngoc General Hospital ensures high standards of medical quality and patient care during consultations and gynecologic procedures.
Patients undergoing examination and gynecologic surgery at Hong Ngoc General Hospital are directly attended to by experienced physicians, many of whom have worked at leading national hospitals. In addition, advanced surgical equipment and modern medical technology help ensure precise results.
After surgery, patients receive attentive, around-the-clock postoperative care. This not only provides reassurance regarding wound recovery but also creates a comfortable environment for patients to openly share sensitive health concerns with specialized doctors.
The information provided in this article by Hong Ngoc General Hospital is for reference only and is not a substitute for medical diagnosis or treatment.
Follow the official fanpage of Hong Ngoc General Hospital for more useful health information:
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