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Herniated disc is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders and has been showing a trend of affecting younger patients. The following article provides an overview of the condition, including its causes, symptoms, and treatment options, to help manage the disease effectively and reduce the risk of dangerous complications.

What is a herniated disc?

A herniated disc occurs when the soft nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc protrudes beyond its normal position through the annulus fibrosus, compressing the spinal canal or nerve roots and causing spinal pain.

Although a herniated disc can develop at any level of the spine, the most common locations are the cervical spine and the lumbar spine, as these regions are subjected to the greatest strain from daily activities and posture habits.

Stages of herniated disc

Herniated disc disease progresses through four stages:

• Stage 1: The disc begins to deform, but the annulus fibrosus remains intact. Patients may occasionally experience numbness in the hands or feet without noticeable pain, so the condition often goes undetected.
• Stage 2: The annulus fibrosus is partially torn, allowing the nucleus pulposus to start protruding through the weakened area, causing disc bulging. Pain is still not clearly apparent at this stage.
• Stage 3: The annulus fibrosus is completely ruptured, and the nucleus pulposus extrudes, compressing the nerve roots. Most patients seek medical treatment at this stage after enduring persistent pain.
• Stage 4: The most severe stage, where prolonged nerve root compression leads to serious complications. Patients suffer from chronic, intense pain that significantly impacts both physical health and psychological well-being.

Risk groups for herniated disc

Herniated disc is more commonly seen in the following groups:

• Individuals with spinal degeneration, trauma, or congenital spinal disorders such as spondylolisthesis, bone spurs, or scoliosis
• Those engaged in heavy physical labor
• Individuals with unhealthy lifestyle habits, such as sleeping with overly high pillows or maintaining poor posture while sitting, studying, or working
• Patients with underlying conditions such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, or gout, which increase the risk of disc herniation
• Older adults
• Occupations requiring frequent posture changes, such as dancers or athletes
• Occupations involving prolonged standing or sitting, such as office staff, tailors, drivers, or sales workers

Symptoms of herniated disc

Herniated disc is typically manifested by pain at different regions of the spine. In the early stages, symptoms are usually mild, leading many patients to overlook the condition and delay medical consultation. Over time, however, the pain becomes more severe and persistent, causing fatigue, limiting mobility, and negatively affecting both quality of life and work productivity.

Symptoms of lumbar disc herniation

Some common signs of lumbar disc herniation include:

• Low back pain: Patients may experience sudden, sharp pain or persistent dull aches in the lumbar region, sometimes with stabbing pain that occurs in episodes.
• Radiating pain: As the condition progresses, pain extends beyond the lower back to the buttocks, the front and back of the thigh, and may cause numbness on the dorsum of the foot.
• Pain aggravated by movement: Pain may temporarily subside with rest but intensifies during physical activity. Even simple actions such as coughing, sneezing, or lying on the side can worsen the pain. Prolonged sitting or standing also frequently leads to discomfort.

Reduced physical function Lumbar disc herniation may prevent patients from arching or bending the back, and may cause weakness in the arms and legs, difficulty gripping objects, and overall restricted mobility. In some cases, patients are unable to stand upright and must lean to one side to relieve pain. When pain is severe, they may be forced to lie still on one side while sleeping to reduce discomfort.

Loss of body control Loss of body control occurs when the herniated nucleus pulposus protrudes and compresses the nerves. This can lead to loss of bladder and bowel control, sensory disturbances, and in severe cases, muscle atrophy or paralysis.

Symptoms of cervical disc herniation

Manifestations of cervical disc herniation include:

Neck pain:

 The earliest sign is pain in one or two cervical vertebrae or along the entire nape of the neck.

Radiating pain: 

Over time, pain spreads from the shoulders down the arms, causing numbness along the arm and hand, and may even extend to the back of the head and behind the eyes.

Variable pain intensity:

 Neck pain can be constant or intermittent, often worsening with movement, tilting the head, bending forward, looking up, or even when coughing or sneezing.

Loss of sensation:

 The condition may reduce hand strength, affecting daily activities such as gripping, lifting, or dressing.

Restricted mobility: 

Movements of the neck and arms become limited, making it difficult to reach behind the back or raise the arms overhead. Over time, paralysis of the neck and limbs may develop.

Muscle weakness:

 Severe herniation compressing the spinal cord can weaken the arms and legs, making it difficult to stand steadily. In advanced cases, patients may feel thigh or calf muscles tremble during exertion.

Other symptoms: 

Some patients may also experience chest pain on one side, shortness of breath, constipation, or urinary difficulty.

Similar to lumbar disc herniation, symptoms of cervical disc herniation progress from mild to severe if not properly treated in time. Therefore, at the first signs of disc herniation, patients should promptly seek medical attention at specialized healthcare facilities to prevent serious complications such as spinal stenosis, cerebral ischemia, paralysis, or spinal cord compression syndrome.

Causes of herniated disc

Several factors may contribute to the development of a herniated disc, including:

• Overexertion, improper posture during work, exercise, or physical labor, leading to damage of the discs and spine
• Aging: the natural degeneration process causes discs and vertebrae to lose water content, become fibrotic, and more prone to injury
• Back injuries or trauma
• Congenital spinal conditions such as kyphosis, scoliosis, or spinal degeneration
• Genetic predisposition
• Excess body weight, which places additional stress on the spinal discs, especially in the lumbar region

Serious complications of herniated disc

Whether a herniated disc is dangerous is a common concern. This condition causes persistent, uncomfortable pain that significantly interferes with daily mobility. If left untreated or managed improperly, it can lead to serious health complications such as:

• Difficulty moving the limbs, potentially resulting in loss of working capacity
• Brachial nerve damage
• Sensory disturbances including numbness in the arms and legs, or loss of temperature sensation (hot and cold)
• Sciatic nerve injury, leading to inability to lift the toes or heels, and long-term muscle atrophy in the legs
• Bladder or bowel dysfunction, with loss of urinary or fecal control
• Paralysis or permanent disability

Diagnostic methods for herniated disc

Diagnosis of herniated disc is the process of identifying the underlying cause of the condition and determining which factors are responsible for the patient’s symptoms and clinical signs.

Clinical diagnosis

Acute pain stage: Low back pain appears following trauma or excessive exertion. Pain recurs with overuse in the affected area. At this stage, the disc or annulus protrudes posteriorly, but the annulus fibrosus remains intact.

Nerve root compression stage: Symptoms of radiculopathy develop, including radiating pain down the leg, pain during movement, sneezing, or straining. At this stage, the annulus fibrosus is torn, and part or all of the nucleus pulposus herniates posteriorly, compressing the nerve root. The herniation may also cause secondary changes such as perilesional edema and venous congestion.

Paraclinical diagnosis

• X-ray: Helps identify the location of the herniation and detect other spinal abnormalities.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Considered the most advanced and accurate imaging method, MRI clearly shows the location, morphology, and number of herniated discs.
• Computed tomography (CT) combined with myelography: Provides precise information about the location and severity of herniation. This technique is used for patients suspected of having disc herniation but who are unable to undergo MRI.

Treatment options for herniated disc

Early treatment of herniated disc is essential to effectively control the condition and prevent dangerous complications. Management primarily focuses on lifestyle modifications, avoiding positions that aggravate pain, adhering to prescribed exercise programs, and taking medications to relieve symptoms in the short term. Commonly used medications include pain relievers, muscle relaxants, and injectable corticosteroids. If symptoms do not improve after several weeks, physicians may recommend physical therapy.

At Hong Ngoc General Hospital, physical therapy programs for herniated disc include acupuncture, acupressure, stretching exercises to improve flexibility, and advanced manual therapy techniques from Austria. In addition, the hospital applies modern treatment technologies imported from Germany such as radiofrequency therapy, infrared light, electrical stimulation, hydrotherapy, and thermotherapy to help realign displaced discs and restore proper spinal function.

Most cases of herniated disc do not require surgery. However, if medication and physical therapy fail to improve symptoms within 4–6 weeks, surgery may be indicated, especially in patients presenting with muscle weakness, difficulty standing or walking, or loss of bladder and bowel control. Common surgical techniques include: Open surgery (discectomy), Microdiscectomy, Endoscopic surgery, Spinal fusion, Artificial disc replacement

Reader may also be interested in: 

• Cervical spondylosis: Causes and symptoms
• Osteoarthritis: Causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention

In addition, maintaining a healthy lifestyle plays an important role in the treatment of herniated disc:

• Limit vigorous activities, prioritize rest, and perform gentle exercises under medical guidance
• Avoid prolonged bed rest as well as activities requiring frequent bending, heavy lifting, or carrying loads
• Allow time for relaxation and stress reduction to support overall recovery
• Increase intake of B-group vitamins, vitamin D, and calcium-rich foods to strengthen bones and joints
• Seek immediate medical attention if symptoms worsen, such as paralysis in the legs, sciatic pain with numbness, difficulty urinating or defecating, or sudden weakness in any part of the body, especially the legs

When undergoing examination and treatment for herniated disc at Hong Ngoc General Hospital, patients benefit from top-quality healthcare services in Hanoi:

• A team of highly experienced, well-trained physicians, many of whom have worked at leading national and international hospitals such as Bach Mai Hospital, Viet Duc Hospital, and Royal North Shore Hospital (Australia)
• Advanced diagnostic and treatment equipment imported from the United States, including the SIGNA Prime MRI system, 128-slice CT scanner, Hologic bone densitometer, and Logiq P7 musculoskeletal ultrasound machine, providing high-resolution images for early detection of tumors and musculoskeletal disorders
• Individualized treatment regimens tailored to each patient’s condition
• Numerous successful surgical cases of herniated disc, restoring mobility and improving quality of life for patients
• Structured follow-up schedules with proactive appointment reminders for each patient
• Clean, modern hospital facilities with convenient amenities such as free Wi-Fi, coffee shops, and restaurants
• Services available on Saturdays and Sundays with no additional fees
• Fast and reliable insurance claim support, ensuring maximum benefits for patients

Choosing Hong Ngoc General Hospital for herniated disc treatment helps alleviate pain, improve mobility, and restore health quickly so that the condition no longer disrupts daily life.

Note: The information provided in this article by Hong Ngoc General Hospital is for reference only and is not a substitute for medical diagnosis or treatment. Patients should not self-medicate. For an accurate assessment of your condition, please visit the hospital for direct examination, diagnosis, and personalized treatment planning by a physician.

Follow the official fanpage of Hong Ngoc General Hospital for more useful health information: https://www.facebook.com/BenhvienHongNgoc

Herniated disc is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders and has been showing a trend of affecting younger patients. The following article provides an overview of the condition, including its causes, symptoms, and treatment options, to help manage the disease effectively and reduce the risk of dangerous complications.

What is a herniated disc?

A herniated disc occurs when the soft nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc protrudes beyond its normal position through the annulus fibrosus, compressing the spinal canal or nerve roots and causing spinal pain.

Although a herniated disc can develop at any level of the spine, the most common locations are the cervical spine and the lumbar spine, as these regions are subjected to the greatest strain from daily activities and posture habits.

Stages of herniated disc

Herniated disc disease progresses through four stages:

• Stage 1: The disc begins to deform, but the annulus fibrosus remains intact. Patients may occasionally experience numbness in the hands or feet without noticeable pain, so the condition often goes undetected.
• Stage 2: The annulus fibrosus is partially torn, allowing the nucleus pulposus to start protruding through the weakened area, causing disc bulging. Pain is still not clearly apparent at this stage.
• Stage 3: The annulus fibrosus is completely ruptured, and the nucleus pulposus extrudes, compressing the nerve roots. Most patients seek medical treatment at this stage after enduring persistent pain.
• Stage 4: The most severe stage, where prolonged nerve root compression leads to serious complications. Patients suffer from chronic, intense pain that significantly impacts both physical health and psychological well-being.

Risk groups for herniated disc

Herniated disc is more commonly seen in the following groups:

• Individuals with spinal degeneration, trauma, or congenital spinal disorders such as spondylolisthesis, bone spurs, or scoliosis
• Those engaged in heavy physical labor
• Individuals with unhealthy lifestyle habits, such as sleeping with overly high pillows or maintaining poor posture while sitting, studying, or working
• Patients with underlying conditions such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, or gout, which increase the risk of disc herniation
• Older adults
• Occupations requiring frequent posture changes, such as dancers or athletes
• Occupations involving prolonged standing or sitting, such as office staff, tailors, drivers, or sales workers

Symptoms of herniated disc

Herniated disc is typically manifested by pain at different regions of the spine. In the early stages, symptoms are usually mild, leading many patients to overlook the condition and delay medical consultation. Over time, however, the pain becomes more severe and persistent, causing fatigue, limiting mobility, and negatively affecting both quality of life and work productivity.

Symptoms of lumbar disc herniation

Some common signs of lumbar disc herniation include:

• Low back pain: Patients may experience sudden, sharp pain or persistent dull aches in the lumbar region, sometimes with stabbing pain that occurs in episodes.
• Radiating pain: As the condition progresses, pain extends beyond the lower back to the buttocks, the front and back of the thigh, and may cause numbness on the dorsum of the foot.
• Pain aggravated by movement: Pain may temporarily subside with rest but intensifies during physical activity. Even simple actions such as coughing, sneezing, or lying on the side can worsen the pain. Prolonged sitting or standing also frequently leads to discomfort.

Reduced physical function Lumbar disc herniation may prevent patients from arching or bending the back, and may cause weakness in the arms and legs, difficulty gripping objects, and overall restricted mobility. In some cases, patients are unable to stand upright and must lean to one side to relieve pain. When pain is severe, they may be forced to lie still on one side while sleeping to reduce discomfort.

Loss of body control Loss of body control occurs when the herniated nucleus pulposus protrudes and compresses the nerves. This can lead to loss of bladder and bowel control, sensory disturbances, and in severe cases, muscle atrophy or paralysis.

Symptoms of cervical disc herniation

Manifestations of cervical disc herniation include:

Neck pain:

 The earliest sign is pain in one or two cervical vertebrae or along the entire nape of the neck.

Radiating pain: 

Over time, pain spreads from the shoulders down the arms, causing numbness along the arm and hand, and may even extend to the back of the head and behind the eyes.

Variable pain intensity:

 Neck pain can be constant or intermittent, often worsening with movement, tilting the head, bending forward, looking up, or even when coughing or sneezing.

Loss of sensation:

 The condition may reduce hand strength, affecting daily activities such as gripping, lifting, or dressing.

Restricted mobility: 

Movements of the neck and arms become limited, making it difficult to reach behind the back or raise the arms overhead. Over time, paralysis of the neck and limbs may develop.

Muscle weakness:

 Severe herniation compressing the spinal cord can weaken the arms and legs, making it difficult to stand steadily. In advanced cases, patients may feel thigh or calf muscles tremble during exertion.

Other symptoms: 

Some patients may also experience chest pain on one side, shortness of breath, constipation, or urinary difficulty.

Similar to lumbar disc herniation, symptoms of cervical disc herniation progress from mild to severe if not properly treated in time. Therefore, at the first signs of disc herniation, patients should promptly seek medical attention at specialized healthcare facilities to prevent serious complications such as spinal stenosis, cerebral ischemia, paralysis, or spinal cord compression syndrome.

Causes of herniated disc

Several factors may contribute to the development of a herniated disc, including:

• Overexertion, improper posture during work, exercise, or physical labor, leading to damage of the discs and spine
• Aging: the natural degeneration process causes discs and vertebrae to lose water content, become fibrotic, and more prone to injury
• Back injuries or trauma
• Congenital spinal conditions such as kyphosis, scoliosis, or spinal degeneration
• Genetic predisposition
• Excess body weight, which places additional stress on the spinal discs, especially in the lumbar region

Serious complications of herniated disc

Whether a herniated disc is dangerous is a common concern. This condition causes persistent, uncomfortable pain that significantly interferes with daily mobility. If left untreated or managed improperly, it can lead to serious health complications such as:

• Difficulty moving the limbs, potentially resulting in loss of working capacity
• Brachial nerve damage
• Sensory disturbances including numbness in the arms and legs, or loss of temperature sensation (hot and cold)
• Sciatic nerve injury, leading to inability to lift the toes or heels, and long-term muscle atrophy in the legs
• Bladder or bowel dysfunction, with loss of urinary or fecal control
• Paralysis or permanent disability

Diagnostic methods for herniated disc

Diagnosis of herniated disc is the process of identifying the underlying cause of the condition and determining which factors are responsible for the patient’s symptoms and clinical signs.

Clinical diagnosis

Acute pain stage: Low back pain appears following trauma or excessive exertion. Pain recurs with overuse in the affected area. At this stage, the disc or annulus protrudes posteriorly, but the annulus fibrosus remains intact.

Nerve root compression stage: Symptoms of radiculopathy develop, including radiating pain down the leg, pain during movement, sneezing, or straining. At this stage, the annulus fibrosus is torn, and part or all of the nucleus pulposus herniates posteriorly, compressing the nerve root. The herniation may also cause secondary changes such as perilesional edema and venous congestion.

Paraclinical diagnosis

• X-ray: Helps identify the location of the herniation and detect other spinal abnormalities.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Considered the most advanced and accurate imaging method, MRI clearly shows the location, morphology, and number of herniated discs.
• Computed tomography (CT) combined with myelography: Provides precise information about the location and severity of herniation. This technique is used for patients suspected of having disc herniation but who are unable to undergo MRI.

Treatment options for herniated disc

Early treatment of herniated disc is essential to effectively control the condition and prevent dangerous complications. Management primarily focuses on lifestyle modifications, avoiding positions that aggravate pain, adhering to prescribed exercise programs, and taking medications to relieve symptoms in the short term. Commonly used medications include pain relievers, muscle relaxants, and injectable corticosteroids. If symptoms do not improve after several weeks, physicians may recommend physical therapy.

At Hong Ngoc General Hospital, physical therapy programs for herniated disc include acupuncture, acupressure, stretching exercises to improve flexibility, and advanced manual therapy techniques from Austria. In addition, the hospital applies modern treatment technologies imported from Germany such as radiofrequency therapy, infrared light, electrical stimulation, hydrotherapy, and thermotherapy to help realign displaced discs and restore proper spinal function.

Most cases of herniated disc do not require surgery. However, if medication and physical therapy fail to improve symptoms within 4–6 weeks, surgery may be indicated, especially in patients presenting with muscle weakness, difficulty standing or walking, or loss of bladder and bowel control. Common surgical techniques include: Open surgery (discectomy), Microdiscectomy, Endoscopic surgery, Spinal fusion, Artificial disc replacement

Reader may also be interested in: 

• Cervical spondylosis: Causes and symptoms
• Osteoarthritis: Causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention

In addition, maintaining a healthy lifestyle plays an important role in the treatment of herniated disc:

• Limit vigorous activities, prioritize rest, and perform gentle exercises under medical guidance
• Avoid prolonged bed rest as well as activities requiring frequent bending, heavy lifting, or carrying loads
• Allow time for relaxation and stress reduction to support overall recovery
• Increase intake of B-group vitamins, vitamin D, and calcium-rich foods to strengthen bones and joints
• Seek immediate medical attention if symptoms worsen, such as paralysis in the legs, sciatic pain with numbness, difficulty urinating or defecating, or sudden weakness in any part of the body, especially the legs

When undergoing examination and treatment for herniated disc at Hong Ngoc General Hospital, patients benefit from top-quality healthcare services in Hanoi:

• A team of highly experienced, well-trained physicians, many of whom have worked at leading national and international hospitals such as Bach Mai Hospital, Viet Duc Hospital, and Royal North Shore Hospital (Australia)
• Advanced diagnostic and treatment equipment imported from the United States, including the SIGNA Prime MRI system, 128-slice CT scanner, Hologic bone densitometer, and Logiq P7 musculoskeletal ultrasound machine, providing high-resolution images for early detection of tumors and musculoskeletal disorders
• Individualized treatment regimens tailored to each patient’s condition
• Numerous successful surgical cases of herniated disc, restoring mobility and improving quality of life for patients
• Structured follow-up schedules with proactive appointment reminders for each patient
• Clean, modern hospital facilities with convenient amenities such as free Wi-Fi, coffee shops, and restaurants
• Services available on Saturdays and Sundays with no additional fees
• Fast and reliable insurance claim support, ensuring maximum benefits for patients

Choosing Hong Ngoc General Hospital for herniated disc treatment helps alleviate pain, improve mobility, and restore health quickly so that the condition no longer disrupts daily life.

Note: The information provided in this article by Hong Ngoc General Hospital is for reference only and is not a substitute for medical diagnosis or treatment. Patients should not self-medicate. For an accurate assessment of your condition, please visit the hospital for direct examination, diagnosis, and personalized treatment planning by a physician.

Follow the official fanpage of Hong Ngoc General Hospital for more useful health information: https://www.facebook.com/BenhvienHongNgoc